Kant The Universal Law Formation Of The Categorical Imperative Kantia

Kant: the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative Kantian philosophy outlines the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative as a method for determining morality of actions. This formula is a two part test. First, one creates a maxim and considers whether the maxim could be a universal law for all rational beings. Second, one determines whether rational beings would will it to be a universal law. Once it is clear that the maxim passes both prongs of the test, there are no exceptions. As a paramedic faced with a distraught widow who asks whether her late husband suffered in his accidental death, you must decide which maxim to create and based on the test which action to perform. The maxim "when answering a widow's inquiry as to the nature and duration of her late husbands death, one should always tell the truth regarding the nature of her late husband's death" (M1) passes both parts of the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative. Consequently, ac cording to Kant, M1 is a moral action. The initial stage of the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative requires that a maxim be universally applicable to all rational beings. M1 succeeds in passing the first stage. We can easily imagine a world in which paramedics always answer widows truthfully when queried. Therefore, this maxim is logical and everyone can abide by it without causing a logical impossibility. The next logical step is to apply the second stage of the test. The second requirement is that a rational being would will this maxim to become a universal law. In testing this part, you must decide whether in every case, a rational being would believe that the morally correct action is to tell the truth. First, it is clear that the widow expects to know the truth. A lie would only serve to spare her feelings if she believed it to be the truth. Therefore, even people who would consider lying to her, must concede that the correct and expected action is to tell th e truth. By asking she has already decided, good or bad, that she must know the truth. What if telling the truth brings the widow to the point where she commits suicide, however? Is telling her the truth then a moral action although its consequence is this terrible response? If telling the widow the truth drives her to commit suicide, it seems like no rational being would will the maxim to become a universal law. The suicide is, however, a consequence of your initial action. The suicide has no bearing, at least for the Categorical Imperative, on whether telling the truth is moral or not. Likewise it is impossible to judge whether upon hearing the news, the widow would commit suicide. Granted it is a possibility, but there are a multitude of alternative choices that she could make and it is impossible to predict each one. To decide whether rational being would will a maxim to become a law, the maxim itself must be examined rationally and not its consequences. Accordingly, the maxim passes the second test. Conversely, some people might argue that in telling the widow a lie, you spare her years of torment and suffering. These supporters of "white lies" feel the maxim should read, "When facing a distraught widow, you should lie in regards to the death of her late husband in order to spare her feelings." Applying the first part of the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative, it appears that this maxim is a moral act. Certainly, a universal law that prevents the feelings of people who are already in pain from being hurt further seems like an excellent universal law. Unfortunately for this line of objection, the only reason a lie works is because the person being lied to believes it to be the truth. In a situation where every widow is lied to in order to spare her feelings, then they never get the truth. This leads to a logical contradiction because no one will believe a lie if they know it a lie and the maxim fails. Perhaps the die-hard liar can regro up and test a narrower maxim. If it is narrow

11 Tips for Getting the Salary You Want

11 Tips for Getting the Salary You Want Salary negotiating can be terrifying- particularly for entry-level workers who feel they have yet to prove their obvious worth to the profession and aren’t allowed to ask for what they want. Here are 11 tips that will help you get the salary you want.1. Know thyselfKnow what a typical employee makes at that job level in that industry. But also weigh that against your particular skills and experience, and how much you know you’re worth. Do you think you deserve the higher end of the starting range? Then ask for it. Know what you want and then give them the chance to give it to you. It never hurts to ask.2. Stay coolYou really need this job. But that doesn’t mean you should just take the first salary offer they make. Opening the lines of negotiation will not cost you the job. Not opening them might, however, cost you the salary you deserve.3. Ask higherWant a 25% hike in salary? Ask for 35%. They’ll bring it down and think they’ve won the day. And you ’ll still get what you need.4. Be popularThe best way to get what you want from one employer is to have a counteroffer from another one. Show you have many more options and offers. Make them sweat a bit that they won’t land you. Show them how highly other companies value you.5. Think benefits and bonusesDon’t forget to take these into account when comparing the salary you’re currently negotiating with your past salary package. And don’t forget they can be useful extras to sweeten your deal if you can’t get the dollar amount you asked for.6. Keep your headDon’t be petulant or pout. Don’t be aggressive. Stay calm and logical and present your case like a grown-up. Act like a grown-up and HR will treat you like one.7. SnoopIt’s always good to have some idea what your colleagues are making before you go into negotiations. This gives you a great sense of range. If you’re moving to a new company, see if you can’t find someone who knows someone who might know roughly what the salary packages are at that company for your position.8. Be thoroughMake sure you get all of the details. Talk through your salary breakdown line-by-line and avoid being surprised on payday.9. Don’t be greedyAt the end of the day, salary isn’t everything. If this is your dream company, you can probably afford to work for them for a little less than you would make at the sell-out company of doom and ennui. If they’re not being unreasonable with you, but just can’t give you what you’re asking, don’t storm out without thinking it through. Remember: you’re playing the long game here.10. Be ballsyIf you can afford to, and this isn’t your dreamiest of dream jobs, it’s okay to walk away sometimes. You can say ‘no.’ Sometimes showing your back on the way out the door can be the thing that actually gets you what you want. Just don’t bank on this ha ppening. Only walk away from negotiations if you can be comfortable with the possibility of it ending there.11. Know when to fold ‘emDo all of these things before you get your offer letter. Once that thing hits your inbox, all typed up and official-looking on the company letterhead, that’s the official number. HR isn’t going to budge.Remember to do your homework, have a clear idea of what you’re worth, and ask for something within the realm of fairness. Chances are, you’ll get it. Worst case scenario: you’ll have learned a valuable skill that will serve you next time- and throughout your whole career.

OUTLINE of the General Safety Planning. Im looking for an expert of Essay

OUTLINE of the General Safety Planning. Im looking for an expert of Occupational Safety Please - Essay Example To help realize this, employers should identify/set up a safety team who can train all employees and contractors. This is referred to as â€Å"Safety Induction†. In this program employees will be trained on the risks, safety issues, how to tackle this issues and how to escalate anything above their capacity. Outlined herein is the general safety induction for any construction or production company. Employees must be made aware and trained on how and where to protect themselves from what safety issue by using personal protection equipments (PPE). There are several areas in a company with various risks such as chemicals, hazard spills, noise that could impair hearing, falling object and carrying of heavy objects or tools among many others. Some of the PPEs are; reflective jackets/ high visibility reflectors. All employees must have this in order for them to be easily visible to avoid accidents e.g. being knocked by a forklift. Ear plugs or ear muffs for hearing protection in hig h noise area. Heavy duty goggle for eye protection against flying objects e.g. bottle bursts. Helmets for head protection, different hand gloves for different tasks, safety boots for feet protection and also basing on the kind of work, body protection clothes e.g. overalls for engineers or lab coats for technicians. Once the employees are taken through PPEs, they will be trained on the importance of observing laid down signage and other safety protocols such as observing walkways and its importance. On top of these, employees must be made aware of the protective policies adopted for their own safety. Some of the policies are; forbidding employees or contractors reporting to work under any influence of alcohol/drugs, any levels whatsoever, or reporting to work while sick. This could be disastrous especially if an individual is operating any kind of machine, neglect to this could be a risk to self and other coworkers. Also, employees must be forbidden to report to work with hanging je welry especially when working in the area or machine with belts as this can cause accidents. Smoking on the site should also be prohibited and employees who are smokers be provided with a smoking zone to avoid any fire blasts. On the other hand, the company should stipulate maximum time for working in a particular area based on the health risks involved e.g. someone should not be allowed work for more that 6 hours, when operating a high vibrating machine like a hand drill. Having finished with personal protection, the company should play its role in providing a safe working environment. This include providing things like easily accessible emergency showers and eye wash, lavatories on site, hand wash and sanitizers, cleaners to take care of the company neatness and spillages to avoid slippage accidents. Clearly marked emergency exits without any obstruction, emergency contacts and also an emergency clinic on site. Employees should be told of all this during the safety induction (Gupt a, P 8, 2006). Safety induction could be made more exciting by a brief video to accompany the training. This could go a significant way to stress the importance and possible accidents in case of neglect. By doing this, employees will have a real picture and will take personal safety to be their number one priority. After the induction, every employee and the contractor will be given a short quiz to assess the

Transforming Into a Transformational Leader Dissertation

Transforming Into a Transformational Leader - Dissertation Example One charismatic man, who worked as a mechanic during that time recently traced my brother-in-law as he now owns a multi million dollar company in Africa that is involved in large scale car repair. My brother-in-law inspired a worker but built a leader at the end of it all. I instantly wanted and still want to be just like him, a transformational leader. Transformational leadership is a leadership style that focuses on ensuring change that is revolutionary to an organisation by being committed to the vision of the organisation. Transformational leaders ensure this by redefining employees’ objectives, goals, visions and missions. These leaders renew their subordinates’ commitments and restructure their strategies towards attaining goals by stimulating each other and inspiring their followers to become leaders as leaders grow into moral aides (Sullivan and Decker, 2005). Over the years, I have learnt that emotional intelligence is a prerequisite to any transformational lea der. All the transformational leaders have a high level of emotional intelligence as it is what gives them the ability to accurately perceive and express emotion. Emotional intelligence is what gives transformational leaders the ability to access and generate thought feelings, to understand emotional knowledge and their ability to regulate emotions and ensure intellectual growth. Emotional intelligence incorporates the moral capacity of a leader (Bass, 1990) I would like to mature into the president of my current organisation, Blue Cross Blue Shield. To attain this position I have been cultivating my emotional intelligence where by my self awareness, motivation, self regulation, empathy and social skills. This means that for me to become an excellent transformational leader, I have to develop a high degree of understanding in what I am feeling, what it means and their potential positive or negative repercussions. Emotional intelligence will also support me in attaining measurable re sults when I become the president of Blue Cross Blue Shield. Since I got my job at Blue Cross Blue Shield, my major job description has been to train new and permanent employees to bring out the best in them and upgrading them to my organisation’s assets. I would like to grow further into a leader that put extra influence on employees by expanding the horizons in terms of goals. This would be done by elevating their confidence to perform and deliver more than what their expectations dictate (Conger and Kanungo, 1994). Naturally I am a charismatic fellow who arouses admiration. This is a strong quality that will provide intellectual stimulation, inspire and motivate my employees through the treating them with consideration individually. With expression of this behaviour the, by the time I graduate into the President of Blue Cross Blue Shield I would easily inspire my employees to attain their full maximum potential and display high levels of performance. I also have strong tec hnical skills and intellectual capabilities which would help me guiding employees in technical work. My remarkable high degree of self awareness and emotional intelligence helps me in detecting my strongest and weakest points. This can help in regulation my leadership abilities (Lussier and Achua, 2004). Like my brother-in-law, I have high determination and vision however my weakness lies here because I have not learnt how to use it evaluate my employees

Analysis of Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds Assignment

Analysis of Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds - Assignment Example The story begins in a pet shop in San Francisco where a young lawyer, Mitch Brenner, is unsuccessfully trying to buy his younger sister, Cathy, a pair of lovebirds for her 11th birthday. He meets and remembers the wealthy socialite Melanie Daniels, who, apparently, does not recognize him, and he plays a joke on her by treating her as a salesclerk. Attracted to him, she impulsively buys two birds, which she secretly delivers to Mitch’s home in Bodega Bay. On her way back, she is attacked by a seagull, after which she meets Mitch on the mainland pier and he convinces her to go back home with him. The following day, during Cathy’s birthday party, a group of birds attacks her and her friends and, the same evening, finches swarm down the chimney in their hundreds into the Brenner home. There is panic as a chicken farmer, Dan Forsyth, is pecked to death by his own birds which then cause a fire at a gas station and threaten children as they leave school. After a school teacher named Annie Hayworth is also killed by birds, panic mounts in the town and residents flee to San Francisco. Mitch decides to board up all his house’s entrances and wait for the attack. The birds are unable to gain entry after pecking on the doors and tearing at shingles. However, tragically, they manage to make a hole in the roof and attack Melanie who went up to the attic to investigate a noise she had heard. Although Mitch managed to save her, he acknowledged that his own home is no longer safe from the birds and also flees to San Francisco amid a moment of silence from the birds into an uncertain future as the film ends (Mcgilligan 21). This paper will identify the film’s theme and discuss how the director used sub-genre and combined genre elements to project that theme. The theme, which is predominantly suspense/horror, is strategically brought out by a strange relationship between humanity and nature. The plot may appear to be banal, but the director manages to depict horror by turning garden birds, not birds of prey, against mankind. Bodega Bay, a small town in California is suddenly and without apparent explanation subjected to violent and widespread attacks by birds.  

Approaches to Palliative Care

Approaches to Palliative Care Palliative approach refers to the provision of a holistic care for patients who are no longer responsive to curative treatment and dying. The approach provides primary care services to improve the quality of life of the dying patients through addressing pain and other distressing symptoms and integrating physical, psychosocial and spiritual care to ensure a good death for the patients (Koutoukidis, Stainton and Hughson 2013, p. 865). It also offers support for families of the terminally ill patients to cope with grief and bereavement in the end-of-life stage of the patients (ACT Health 2014). In palliative care, nurses are directly involved in ensuring a holistic care for the patients and liaising with the patients’ families. They deal with pain relief, provide emotional support for both the patients and families and communicate the patients’ disease conditions with other care specialists through regular team meeting and clinical discussion. They also carry out assessme nt, care plan and bereavement follow up with families and friends of the patients to help them cope with grief and loss (Tasmanian Palliative Care Service 2013, p. 9). An advanced care directive is a written statement about the wishes of the patients regarding their medical treatment choices and future health care. It is a way that individuals, especially those who are in chronic or life-limiting condition like Mr. Guzman, communicate their wishes to the carers when they are unable to make decision on their health care choices, which can help avoid unwanted treatment and reduce family stress in any emergency situation (The Advance Care Directive Association 2012). The advanced care directive is implemented within the legal framework of Victoria. The Medical Treatment Act 1988 allows the patients to refuse medical treatment that are not consistent with their cultural or personal beliefs in most of the circumstances, and The Guardianship and Administration Act 1986 enables the patients to appoint an enduring guardian to make decision on their health care (Victorian Department of Health 2014, p. 53). According to the Victorian legislation, medical pra ctitioners must usually seek for the patients’ consent regarding their health care choice in the advanced care directive before providing any medical treatment to the patients (Victorian Department of Health 2014, p. 54). The current best practice regarding pain management for palliative care patients consists of both non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches. The non-pharmacological approach in palliative care is primarily enabling the patients to regularly access to family members or religious leaders to ensure their psychological, spiritual and religious needs are met. This approach may help address the emotional components of pain and improve the psychological wellbeing and physical health of the terminally ill patients (Hughes 2012, p. 26). Pharmacological approach involves using drug therapies to effectively manage the pain. Hughes (2012, p. 25) suggests that the first attempt of analgesia may not be able to fully control the patients’ pain, and ongoing commitment to assess and adjust the pain control technique can give the patients confidences, which thereby reduces pain. Therefore, patient-centred care is important as it enables health practitioners to assess and decide on spec ific doses and forms of analgesia that should be given to the patients. It is also mentioned that health practitioners do not normally use opioid analgesia to their full potential though they are safe and cost effective medications. For effective pain control management, does, duration of treatment and the patients’ current condition, such as renal and hepatic function, should be taken into account to ensure the patients receive adequate pain relief with less side effects (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence 2012). Filipinos believe in bahala na, which means leaving one’s fate to God. They also believe that a person’s suffering is the God’s will, and only prayer can save the person’s life. Families and friends of the dying patients should, therefore, pray for the patients rather than discussing advanced care directive and terminal prognosis with them as it frustrates the patients and makes them feel hopeless. Discussing end-of-life issue with the patients is also believed to bring unwanted outcome to the patients’ health condition (Mazanec and Tyler 2003, p. 54). Such attitude to dying conflicts with modern health practices in which the dying patients are provided with full disclosure of the fact of illness and treatment and are able to make decision on their future health care. Patients with Filipino decent may also want to die at home or die in their home countries. Those who are catholic may require a priest to perform ‘sacrament of the sick’ a nd may not allow the nurses to wash their dead bodies, making it difficult for health professionals to provide holistic care for the patients before and after death (Mazanec and Tyler 2003, p. 54). When a person is dying, numerous common symptoms may occur in the last day or the last few hours before death. Confusion and delirium may usually occur during the end-of-life stage due to metabolic and electrolyte imbalance, hypoxemia and toxin accumulation. The patient also demonstrates increased weakness, fatigue and drowsiness and requires more sleep. In addition to decreased oral intake including food and fluid, they are also presented with the symptoms of decreased cardiac output, cool extremities, cyanosis and decreased urine output due to diminished blood perfusion and renal failure. Breaths become shallow and accessory muscle is used as the patient is struggling with breathing. They also have raised temperature and urinal and faecal incontinence (INCTR Palliative care 2009). Nurses know that patients are close to death as they become less interested in food, and their mouths become very dry. They have trouble swallowing pills and medicines and are unable to cooperate with car egivers. Their skin become dark or pale, and heart rate is fast and irregular. Nurses also realize that they become confused, disoriented and restless (American Cancer Association 2014). Last offices are performed as soon as Mr. Guzman passed away. Though different hospitals may have different policies regarding this procedure, the dead person’s body is usually straightened, arms are placed at the side of the body, pillows are removed, eyes are closed, denture is placed in the mouth if available, and a rolled towel is placed under the jaw to prevent sagging. All jewellery and personal stuffs are removed and kept at a safe place unless the families wish to keep it with the patient (Funnell and Koutoukidis 2008, p. 175). Nurses also apply a firm pressure on the lower abdomen of the body to drain all the fluid and prepares the death body for removal to a hospital mortuary or holding area by removing all tubes and drainage, washing, dressing, wrapping and labeling the body appropriately. Other specific cultural or religious practices concerning how to care for the body after death must be adhered to as fully as possible. If there is no specific requirement, two nu rses should carry out a post-mortem care, and the body is subsequently taken to the hospital mortuary (Funnell and Koutoukidis 2008, p. 175). Grief has a negative effect on families and friends of the dead person though the death is anticipated. Some families may become shock, while others may become angry, anxious and resentful. They may also feel a whirlwind of emotions from intense grief and loss to relief and comfort from the fact that someone they love will no longer be suffering (Koutoukidis, Stainton and Hughson 2013, p. 873). Grief also affects health professionals, particularly nurses, who provide direct care for the dead person. Stress, loss of motivation to continue providing health care for other terminally ill patients and social withdrawal may be commonly seen, which negatively affect their work performance and socialization (Wilson and Kirshbaum 2011, p. 560). Some recommendations for nurses to deal with grief and loss include talking to someone they trust about how they feel and the difficulty of trying to coping with the problem, discussing it with other carers and health professionals at the facility or c ontacting the National Carer Counseling to gain advice on how to deal with grief and loss effectively (Carer Victoria 2005). The sense of loss and grief may not ease with time for some families and carers. Prolonged grief can be a serious concern and require further support to prevent negative consequences from happening. Supports that are available for families and health professionals to cope with grief and loss include counseling and bereavement support services provided by the Australian Centre for Grief and Bereavement in Victoria, which offers a range of bereavement support programs and experienced counselors including social workers, psychologists and psychotherapists to help individuals cope with grief and loss (Australian Centre for Grief and Bereavement 2014). Hospital and community health care center, palliative care agencies, volunteer groups and church and religious organizations are also available sources from which families and health professionals can seek support. National Association of Loss and Grief Victoria also offers supports for families, clinicians and stakeholders in the health an d community service sectors to deal with grief and loss such as providing a package of loss and grief resources and making a discussion with counselors, psychologists and general practitioners available for those who find it difficult to deal with grief and loss (National Association for Loss and Grief Victoria 2011). Word count: 1530 References: ACT Health 2014, Palliative care, viewed 12 May 2014, http://www.health.act.gov.au/health-services/palliative-care/. American Cancer Association 2014, When death is near, viewed 13 May 2013, http://www.cancer.org/treatment/nearingtheendoflife/nearingtheendoflife/nearing-the-end-of-life-death. Australian Centre for Grief and Bereavement 2014, Counselling, viewed 15 May 2014, http://www.grief.org.au/grief_and_bereavement_support/counselling_services. Carer Victoria 2005, Dealing with grief when your family member dies, viewed 15 May 2014, http://www.survivingthemaze.org.au/bcfc/PDFS/GEN-04-15.pdf. Funnell, R Koutoukidis G 2008, Tabbner’s nursing care: Theory and practice, 5th edn, Elsevier, NSW. Hughes, LD 2012, ‘Assessment and management of pain in older patients receiving palliative care’, Nursing Older People, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 23-29. INCTR Palliative Care 2009, Signs and symptoms at the end of life, viewed 13 May 2013, http://inctr-palliative-care-handbook.wikidot.com/signs-and-symptoms-at-the-end-of-life. Koutoukidis, G, Stainton, K Hughson, J 2013, Tabbner’s nursing care: Theory and practice, 6th edn, Elsevier, NSW. Mazanec, P Tyler, MK 2003, ‘Cultural consideration in end-of-life care’, Australian Journal of Nursing, vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 50-58. National Association for Loss and Grief Victoria 2011, National Association for Loss Grief Annual Conference 2011, viewed 16 May 2014, http://www.nalagvic.org.au/ab-currentwork.htm. National Institute for Health and Clinincal Excellence 2012, Opioids in palliative care: safe and effective prescribing of strong opioids for pain in palliative care of adults, viewed 13 May 2014, www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13745/59285/59285.pdf. Tasmanian Palliative Care Service 2013, Information booklet, viewed 12 May 2014, https://www.dhhs.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/8987/tas-palliative-care-info-booklet.pdf. The Advance Care Directive Association 2012, What is advance care planning?, viewed 12 May 2014, http://www.advancecaredirectives.org.au. Victorian Department of Health 2014, Advance care planning: Have the conversation, a strategy for Victorian health service 2014-2018, viewed 12 May 2014, http://docs.health.vic.gov.au/docs/doc/C1BEDB926ED9A6E7CA257C9A0005231A/$FILE/Advance%20care%20planning%20-%20strategy%202014-18.pdf. Wilson, J Kirshbaum, M 2011, ‘Effects of patient death on nursing staff: a literature review’, British Journal of Nursing, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 559-563.

Comparing the Black Album and Rushdies The Satanic Verses Essays

The Black Album and Rushdie's The Satanic Verses      Ã‚  Ã‚   British writer C.C. Colton once claimed, "Men will wrangle for religion; write for it; fight for it; die for it; anything but--live for it" (Copeland 345). Indeed, if nothing else, Hanif Kureishi's The Black Album shows the depths to which people concern themselves with questions of religion, ethnicity, and the identity associated with them. Kureishi's themes and symbolism work within a larger context of the politics of identity, race, and nationality. Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses and the larger religious question associated with it, serve to polarize the British community between Muslims and non-Muslims, as well as to polarize people supporting liberation and those supporting containment. Combined with other cultural references, Kureishi uses the literary allusion to create his themes and symbolism.    The question of the racial, religious, and socioeconomic identity of Shahid becomes a central question posed as Shahid undergoes translation from his Pakistani ancestry to his desired identity as a Briton. Shahid's translation parallels the translations of the former Asian colonies of Britain into their new postcolonial identities. Unfortunately for Shahid, the struggle over The Satanic Verses catches him as he is translating himself, presenting him with a series of tough choices.    The quest for identity in Indo-English writing has emerged as a recurrent theme, as it is in much of modern literature (Pathak preface). Indeed, often the individual's identity and his quest for it becomes so bound up in the national quest for identity, that the individual's search for his identity becomes allegorical of the national search (Pathak pr... ...pular Quotations for All Uses. Garden City, New York: Garden City, 1942. Gorra, Michael. After Empire: Scott, Naipul, Rushdie. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1997. Kureishi, Hanif. The Black Album. New York: Simon, 1995. Lings, Martin. Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Revised edition. Bartlow, Cambridge, UK: Islamic Texts Society, 1991. Pathak, R.S., ed. Quest for Identity in Indian English Writing. New Delhi: Bahri, 1992. Rusdie, Salman. The Satanic Verses. First Owl Book edition. New York: Henry Holt, 1997. Saynor, James. Rev. of The Black Album, by Hanif Kureishi. The New Statesman & Society, March 3, 1995, p. 40(2). Wilkie, Brian, and James Hurt. Literature of the Western World. 2nd edition. In Galloway, Stan. "The House of Bernarda Alba." http://www.bridgewater.edu/~sgallowa/203/alba-notes.htm, April 26, 1999.    Comparing the Black Album and Rushdie's The Satanic Verses Essays The Black Album and Rushdie's The Satanic Verses      Ã‚  Ã‚   British writer C.C. Colton once claimed, "Men will wrangle for religion; write for it; fight for it; die for it; anything but--live for it" (Copeland 345). Indeed, if nothing else, Hanif Kureishi's The Black Album shows the depths to which people concern themselves with questions of religion, ethnicity, and the identity associated with them. Kureishi's themes and symbolism work within a larger context of the politics of identity, race, and nationality. Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses and the larger religious question associated with it, serve to polarize the British community between Muslims and non-Muslims, as well as to polarize people supporting liberation and those supporting containment. Combined with other cultural references, Kureishi uses the literary allusion to create his themes and symbolism.    The question of the racial, religious, and socioeconomic identity of Shahid becomes a central question posed as Shahid undergoes translation from his Pakistani ancestry to his desired identity as a Briton. Shahid's translation parallels the translations of the former Asian colonies of Britain into their new postcolonial identities. Unfortunately for Shahid, the struggle over The Satanic Verses catches him as he is translating himself, presenting him with a series of tough choices.    The quest for identity in Indo-English writing has emerged as a recurrent theme, as it is in much of modern literature (Pathak preface). Indeed, often the individual's identity and his quest for it becomes so bound up in the national quest for identity, that the individual's search for his identity becomes allegorical of the national search (Pathak pr... ...pular Quotations for All Uses. Garden City, New York: Garden City, 1942. Gorra, Michael. After Empire: Scott, Naipul, Rushdie. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1997. Kureishi, Hanif. The Black Album. New York: Simon, 1995. Lings, Martin. Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Revised edition. Bartlow, Cambridge, UK: Islamic Texts Society, 1991. Pathak, R.S., ed. Quest for Identity in Indian English Writing. New Delhi: Bahri, 1992. Rusdie, Salman. The Satanic Verses. First Owl Book edition. New York: Henry Holt, 1997. Saynor, James. Rev. of The Black Album, by Hanif Kureishi. The New Statesman & Society, March 3, 1995, p. 40(2). Wilkie, Brian, and James Hurt. Literature of the Western World. 2nd edition. In Galloway, Stan. "The House of Bernarda Alba." http://www.bridgewater.edu/~sgallowa/203/alba-notes.htm, April 26, 1999.   

The Architecture of Sans Souci Palace in Germany

Introduction There was a peaceable castle names Sans Souci Palace but in Germany they called Schloss Sanssouci and it was located at Potsdam, near Berlin. This is an elapsed summer castle for Frederick the Great, King of Prussia. While Sans Souci more belongs to Rococo manner. At the clip, this is evidently smaller than its Gallic Baroque opposite number and it excessively noteworthy for the most temples and follies in the park. The Sans Souci Palace was designed by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff and it was built between 1745 and 1747. Why they built the Sans Souci Palace? The ground as a warrior-king, Frederick needs a private abode where he can loosen up, no demand worry about the outside universe. Then the name of the castle really interested. Actually this is a Gallic phrase ( Sans Souci ) , which translates as â€Å"without concerns† , means â€Å"no worries† or â€Å"carefree† , it means that the castle was a topographic point for relaxation, go forth your ain concer ns behind every bit good. Sans souci is a single-story Villa, incorporating 10s chief suites, this is little more than a big. It was built at the centre of the park, on the forehead of a terraced hill. Because personal gustatory sensation of the King Frederick, all the design and ornament of the castle really beautiful, this type of design manner was included â€Å"Frederician Rococo† . He wanted there can be â€Å"a topographic point that would decease with him† . From this sentences can see that his feelings for the castle so strong. In 1746, Knobelsdorff, the interior decorator was fired because of a dissension about the site of the castle in the park. After that, a Dutch designer was coup d'etat the castle undertaking. During the 19Thursdaycentury, Sans Souci castle became a abode of Frederick William IV. He employed the designer Ludwig Persius to reconstruct and enlarge the castle, while Ferdinand von Arnim was charged with bettering the evidences and therefore the position from the castle. [ 1 ]For the German imperial household, Sans Souci was a favorite’s topographic point of abode before the autumn of the Hohenzollern dynasty in 1918. In East of Germany, Sans Souci became one of a sacred tourer attractive force after World War II. Following the Germany reunion in 1990, Frederick’s organic structure was returned back to the castle, buried in a antecedently prepared grave overlooking the gardens that he had created. At the same clip, Sans Souci list into the World Heritage Site by UNESCO. After 5 old ages, the Foundation for Prussian Palaces and Gardens in Berlin Brandenburg was established to protect for Sans Souci and the other former imperial castles in and around Berlin. Now many visitants from all over the universe will wish come to these castles, and the most visited attractive force in Potsdam is the Palace Sans Souci, more than 2 million tourers a twelvemonth. hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanssouci Sans Souci has a beautiful garden, it was designed by Frederick. He was decided to construct the grape hill with trapezoid on the hillside of South, in Bornstedt. Before that, in Frederick William I epoch, there was a hill full of oak but had chop down to construct Potsdam metropolis and support muddy on the fens. In 1744, Frederick wanted reclaimed it to be a patio vinery. This incline has been divided to 6 trapezoid patios. The walls became a micro-bow form at the centre to use the Sun beam. Some of the walls were replaced with the works vines. All the works vines were from Portugal, Italy and France. Inside the 168 glass Earth, it was planted with the fig trees. In forepart the trapezoid patio, there was filed with the green lawn. There besides planted with the yew trees and the shrub had been divided. At the cardinal axis, there had 120 floors, trapezoid patio divided into 6 parts. At the hill, there besides build the hillside at the both sides. In 1745, there was construct a garden with the Baroque manner at foothills. But start from 1748, at the centre of garden was constructing a armored combat vehicle with fountain. But unluckily, Frederick ne'er saw the proper operation of fountain, because at that clip they did non hold a good accomplishment in engineering. The pre-Romantic ideal of harmoniousness between adult male and nature already reflected because of the location of Sans Souci. The patio vinery became the focal point of his estate, crowned by the new, but little, palace —â€Å"mein Weinberghauschen†as Frederick called it, this is means my small vineyard house. Start from the terminal of April to the beginning of October was the summer months. Merely the summer month was the most beautiful season for the San Souci castle. Every times, when Frederick stands at the top of the vinery, he can saw the beautiful position of the countryside. Frederick wanted a topographic point, he can bask and make what he loves to make and Sans Souci Palace was the best pick. On the hillside, there was a Sanssouci windmill and it was built at 1736. The windmill became a grade of the idyllic. Frederick said the windmill was embroidering his castle. After 20 old ages build the Sanssouci, Frederick built the New Palace ; in German they called Neues Palais. It was built in the western portion of the park. This castle was far larger than Sanssouci and direct contrast to the relaxed behind Sanssouci. Frederick really wanted usage this castle to demo his power and strength to the universe. Frederick uses the Baroque manner to construct this castle. It demonstrate that Prussia’s capablenesss were unrelieved despite its close licking in the Seven Year’ War through the design of the New Palace. Inside this castle, Frederick made no secret of his purpose, demoing off the new building. Frederick wanted to affect has led to the comparing of the castles of Potsdam to Versailles from the construct of a expansive castle with Sanssouci being thrust into the function of one of the Trianons. The castle, for which the whole park and scene were created, ignores the original virtues of the construct behind Sanssouci from this analogy. Trianons was an reconsideration to get away the larger topographic point but New Palace non like that. A simple ground, the larger castle did non be at the clip of Sanssouci’s construct. However, Sanssouci was ready to be a private topographic point, a topographic point non for show of power, strength and architectural virtue. Trianons was designed to be a whole unto itself, but Sanssouci different. Sanssouci look little with the principal block being a narrow single-story enfilade of merely 10 suites. There were including a service transition and staff suites behind them. Knobelsdorff merely a draftsman, he draft the study more than complete designer. Frederick can non accept any suggestions for change to his programs. He was declining Knobelsdorff’s thought. Knobelsdorff wanted to add a semi-basement narrative, this will non merely gave the provided service countries closer at manus, this besides will give the castle non merely a more dominating presence, but besides would hold prevented the jobs of moistness to which was ever been prone. However, what Frederick demand was an intimate castle for life, like a simple house. For illustration, he wanted to come in the castle instantly organize the garden, instead than scaling a big figure of stairss. He insisted the land degree of a edifice should be based on the hill. He wanted to do it became a private pleasance house. Wh at he wanted was free manner and nature, hence his repeating subject and demands for a house with close connexions. Inside the principal suites, the tall slender Windowss, face South over the vinery gardens. In the park, the Sanssouci Picture Gallery was located at E of the castle. It was built from 1755 to 1764 under the supervising of the designer Johann Gottfried B uring. Frederick rose about the tropical fruit, that’s why it was stand on the site of a former nursery. In Germany, the Picture Galley was the oldest extant museum built for a swayer. It was a long and low edifice, like the castle itself. It was besides dominated by a cardinal vaulted bow of three bays. Neo-Classicism, a popular manner in Europe, many edifices were utilizing this type of architectural manner, but Frederick ignored it. After Frederick was dead, the decease of Frederick a new epoch began can clearly visible the manner was alteration in architectural manners. During the reign of the new male monarch Frederick William II, He ordered the building of a new castle in the new manner, more stylish. Sometimes he will remain at Sanssoci merely on occasion. The response and sleeping room was retread and wholly change instantly after Frederick’s decease. Frederick William von Erdmannsdorff was received the committee for the all renovation. Although Frederick already building the New Palace in the Baroque manner between 1763 and 1769, but Erdmannsdorff, an advocator of the new neo-classical manner, had created Schloss Worlitz in Worlitz park. This is the first neo-classical castle in Germany. After that, Sanssouci became the first castle that been remodeled with the neo-cl assical inside in Potsdam and Berlin, because of his influence. In 1797, Frederick William II was succeeded by Frederick William III.[ 1 ]He had visited Sanssouci even less than his male parent. Normaly he will pass his summer months in Paretz Palace or the Pfaueninsel in Berlin. hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanssouci Architecture There is no happenstance that Frederick used the Rococo style’s architecture for Sanssouci. In the early 18Thursdaycentury, the Rococo manner appeared in France as a continuance for the Baroque manner, contrast with heavier subjects and the darker colors of Baroque, Rococo characteristic with an luxury, grace, elation, and gaiety. Rather than heroic conflicts and spiritual figures, Rococo more focal point about the carefree blue life and lively love affair. Bing in harmoniousness, this suited Frederick’s ideal design and natural. The castle was completed as Frederick’s imagined and studies. The castle has a single-storey chief block and the two flanking side wings. The wings were straight adjoined with the chief edifice portion. The edifice really about holds the full upper patio. The dome rise above the hipped roof, written down the name of the castle with a comma and a full stop—on it in the aureate bronze letters. That garden beside the secondary side wings, in forepart are screened by 2 symmetrical rows of trees. Each ending in free-standing trellised summerhouse, it was decorated with aureate decorations. In front the castle, there were some carven figures of Atlas and Caryatids. It was made by sandstone. These figures were put in brace between the Windowss, look like â€Å"they† were back up the bannister above. These figures of both sexes represent Drunken revelers, the comrades of the vino God Bacchus, and originate from the workshop of the sculpturer Friedrich Christian Glume. The vases on the bannister and the groups of cherubs above the Windowss of the dome are created by the same workshop. By contrast, the north entryway facade had their bounds. There are section colonnades of 88 Corinthian columns, curve outwards from the castle edifice. They think this can be more enveloping the semicircular cour d’honneour. On the south side, there was a bannister with sandstone vases decorates the roof of the chief corps de logis. Flanking the corps de logis are 2 secondary wings, when retreat from the universe, it supplying the big service adjustment and domestic offices necessary to function an 18Thursdaycentury sovereign. Frederick wanted to cover with leaf to test their mundane intent from these single-storey wings. The secretaries’ room, gardeners’ room and servants’ room, all is located in eastern wing, while the castle kitchen, stallss and a manager house, are located in west wing. Every twelvemonth during the summer months, Frederick will pass all his clip at the Sans Souci Palace throughout his life-time. But after Frederick decease, in 1786 until the mid- 19Thursdaycentury, it remained largely unoccupied and neglected. After 100 old ages Frederick’s accession to throne, in 1840, his nephew Frederick William IV and his married woman were traveling to the invitee suites. The royal twosome was keeping the bing furniture and replaced the losing pieces with furniture that from Frederick’s clip. At first, the suites that Frederick had used before was intended to reconstruct to its original province, because of a deficiency of reliable paperss and programs, this program was ne'er executed. However, in 1843, the armchair in which Frederick had died was returned to the castle. Frederick William IV was a draughtsman, he really interested in both architecture and landscape horticulture. He changes the castle from the retreat of his recluse great uncle into a to the full functioning and stylish state house. This was a really large different comparison before and after. The little service wings were had been enlarged between 1840 and 1842. This was necessary. Frederick was a individual who liked to populate modestly without luster, philosophized and played music at Sanssouci. His modestness developed into miserliness for his age. He would non let they repair to the outer facade in the suites. He wishes that Sanssouci should merely last for his life-time. Both of the wings had added a mezzanine floor. The kitchen had been changed into the east wing. The little vino cellar belongs to Fredrick the great ; it was enlarged to fix full shop suites to enlarged family, and the new upper floor was used for the staff sleeping rooms.

Dead Poets Society Essays - Dead Poets Society, Films, Carpe Diem

Dead Poet's Society Essays - Dead Poets Society, Films, Carpe Diem Dead Poet's Society Carpe Diem In the film Dead Poets Society there is an environment created that was rigid and strict. At Welton Academy there were four pillars of ideals that students must attain to and follow. These were excellence, honor, tradition, and discipline. A new teacher was appointed to teach English. John Keating brought with him a style that promoted the individual. This was in direct contrast to the four pillars of ideals. Mr. Keatings Latin saying of Carpe Diem, which meant seize the day, was something that would cause problems to arise at the academy. A few of his students would deviate from academys path. Knox Overstreet was a young man who was attending Welton Academy. He had followed all the rules as everyone else and obeyed. However after a few of Mr. Keatings classes he changed his outlook of life. Knox had an affinity towards this girl, Chris Noel, but it was against school policy to have women on campus during a semester. With the new saying of Carpe Diem in his mind, Knox ignored the rules and ensued after Chris. In his wooing he attended parties and even met her at her public high school. If the Headmaster found news of this, Knox would have been expelled. Despite all the consequences Know decided to seize the day and forget the whims of society to follow his dreams. Another student of John Keatings was Charles Dalton. He was more laid back than Knox but he still adhered to the academys rules and regulations. Charles was completely taken by the saying, and changed his lifestyle. At the boys illegal Dead Poets Society meetings in which they read aloud poetry, he brought tobacco pipes and alcohol as well as girls. As seen by his new name, Nwanda, Charlie broke free of the strict life he had to follow at Welton. He even defied the Headmaster during a meeting by interrupting his speech with a phone call from God. Although this new behavior ultimately led to his expulsion, the life at Welton was probably not suitable for an individual like him. Neil Perry was greatly moved by the Latin words, Carpe Diem. His father set forth such high demands and little choice for Neil. His disciplinarian father mapped out his career and life. Neil always submitted to his father but was always left unhappy and not content with all that his father had planned and all the rules that he had to abide by. Neil had dreams of acting and earned the lead part in the local play. Although he was overjoyed, his father thought otherwise. When his father ordered him to quit and never to act again, he resisted his fathers order and told him what he wished to do. Neil acted brilliantly in his play and his childhood dream was accomplished. He told his father his individual needs and desires. However his fathers response to his son led to tragedy, as he committed suicide. Walt Whitman wrote, Two roads diverged in the wood, and I chose the one less traveled on, and that has made all the difference. By following your own beliefs, your desires will be fulfilled. The boys introduction to Carpe Diem led to happiness for all of them. They followed their own desires and were for once happy and free from the chains of Welton Academy. Bibliography video

Subsidies to US Auto Industry

Subsidies to US Auto Industry Over the last decade, the world has been facing economic crises. One major crisis was witnessed in 2008. In necessitated legislation of an act that would enable the government to help struggling industries survives the occasional economic depressions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Subsidies to US Auto Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the same year, the congress passed into law a bill popularly known as the troubled asset relief programmed (Brunetti 11). This bill did not address a situation in any particular industry. However, it was made with the consideration of the difficulties that some important industries in the US economy were facing at the time. Thus, the government did not immediately move on to assist any industry that was facing problems at the time (Brunetti 13). Automobile manufacturers in the United States of America have always been a critical part of the economy. Collapse of companies in the automobile manufacturing industry could have dire consequences for the US economy. The sector also employed more than a million people. Furthermore, the number of people employed in the automobile manufacturing sector remained significant despite the decline over the last few years Late in 2008, two automotive manufactures, Chrysler Corporation and General Motors appealed to the congress to approve assistance from the government to help them avoid certain liquidation in the face of financial insolvency (Brunetti 20). While presenting the case, the companies did not argue that they were doing well in the market, but they rather tried to illustrate their efforts towards avoiding financial crises.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their argument was that the economy would face severe ramifications if one of the major automobile manufacturers were to undergo liquida tion. No details of the projected plan were given, but the manufacturers cited substantial financial gains in general. After debate within the congress, senate, and state administration, the government decided to assist the automobile industry to avoid the impending liquidation for several companies (United States Congress, United States Congress 25). The World Trade Organization has anti subsidy rules that were formulated to ensure that there is a competitive international trade. In addition, the rules were established with the view of increasing free trade in the international arena. WTO ensured that its regulations did not cripple individual governments that wished to take corrective measures to salvage an economy that is on the verge of collapse. Thus, anti-subsidy laws are mild, and are meant to deter governments from subsidizing export and import commodities to the extent where the effect of the subsidies affects other countries and companies in the same trade. Otherwise, smal l subsidies for justifiable reasons are allowed. In addition, to regulate subsidization of products by the government, the WTO has formulated barriers in form of increased tariffs for subsidized products. These barriers are meant to be regulatory measures rather than settle scores among disputing countries. The problem is that the companies could not redeem themselves after the government gave the grants. They eventually had to be liquidated, and more money was used to establish new entities, with a significant amount of capital being contributed by the United States government.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Subsidies to US Auto Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is obvious that the government had acted to save millions of jobs that were at stake. However, through this action, the government was actually subsidizing the American automobile industry beyond what some financial analysts consider acceptable limits. The situation at Chrysler and General Motors had been partially due to stiff competition. A bailout as substantial as that implemented by the US government seemed like interference with free trade. Most importantly, this action appeared to be a violation of the World Trade Organization’s guidelines on international trade. Other countries could consider bailing out their automobile manufacturing industries to even the scores. Alternating counteractive actions would then lead to hostile tax policies between trading partners, disrupting international trade. Thus, the United States domestic trade policies may be indirect sabotage of international trade (Webel 12). One of the conditions within the subsidies and countervailing measures as outlined by the WTO is that direct transfer of funds must be evident for the bailout to be considered a valid subsidy. In addition, the said subsidy must the directed towards a specific sector of the economy or industry. In that case, the US government’s action qualifies to be classified a subsidy. Furthermore, the US government issued funds directly to a few organizations. WTO requires signatories to its guidelines to avoid directly subsidizing those industries that manufacture goods purposely for export or import trade (Webel 18). That way, the international trade is protected from machinations of any single country. Other regulations within section II of the trade agreements ratified in Uruguay urge countries to desist from subsidizing major industries such that there is a significant effect on trade partners.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More WTO rules also specify that for a bailout to be considered a subsidy, the law of the particular country must isolate the entities being subsidized as the only industries eligible for the particular subsidy. Moreover, WTO considers any benefit of an industry acquired through foregoing of debts owed to the government amounts to a valid subsidy. Since the program was directed by congress in the United States, it qualifies as a valid subsidy to companies that deal in merchandise meant for export. The actions of the United States government contravene almost all guidelines of WTO Uruguay convention regulations (Webel 21). Any member of WTO or automobile manufacturer, which wishes to file a complaint with WTO, may prove several facts to validate its claim. One of the conditions is that the complaining entity may prove that the defendant nation caused a significant setback to the complaining entity’s domestic operations or progress. Secondly, the complaining entity may prove that th e defendant nation hindered the benefit of the complainant by subsidizing a certain industry beyond the acceptable maximum level. Finally, the complaining entity may prove that the defendant nation had prejudice in its action to subsidize a competing rival of the complainant. Several setbacks would face any country or automobile manufacturer that would wish to challenge the United States Bailout program to the WTO as a violation of WTO agreements. For WTO to accept the complaints by any country or automotive manufacturer there must be enough proof to validate the claim (Webel 24). One of the requirements is that the complainant in the case must proof that the United States government subsidized goods meant for export directly. Furthermore, there should be proof that the United States government benefited the companies that were subject to assistance. It is difficult to determine whether there was any benefit for the American automotive manufacturers. The complex procedures and disso lution of the two companies is difficult to analyze, particularly because the old business entities were eventually dissolved and new ones formed. If countermeasures were to be applied by the WTO, the implications of the past subsidies would remain, and the said measures would act just as a deterrent to any future violation of international trade laws. This means that the complainant would not be compensated for any damage caused by the subsidies. For this reason, the complainant may not be motivated to file any complaint against a subsidization that has already occurred. The lack of any financial award by WTO arbitration is a major setback to the international law (Webel 26). As of now, the subsidization of the two American automakers by the government of the United States remains a perceived action rather than a proven fact. Although is it is difficult to proof guilt or take action against the united states of America for the perceived misconduct, there are implications arising fr om reaction of the international market, foreign automotive manufacturers, and other countries that are preparing themselves to take similar action, should multinational companies operating in the country require government assistance. When subsidies are given to an industry with a significant share of international market, a degenerative effect is likely to occur. Competitiveness of companies within the international market becomes impaired by such actions. Apart from the automotive manufacturing industry, other sectors are likely to suffer from changes in trade tariff. Many of the countries involved in substantial trade with the United States may raise tariff so imports from the United States in response to the unfair subsidization of the United States motor industry. However, action by aggrieved parties may also be hampered by the economic power of the corporations that were subsidized. General Motors Corporation and Chrysler are comparatively smaller than the largest automobile manufacturers in the world (Webel 29. However, they operate on a multinational scale and employ citizens of their host countries. Closure of the two companies may make the companies lay off their workers in some of the countries. Thus, any country with interest in either General Motors or Chrysler is not likely to file any complaint against the automobile makes since such an action goes against their interest. Following the support of Chrysler and General Motors by the American government, some of Europe’s automobile manufacturers have been taking similar action though on a smaller scale. It is the difficult for WTO to impose any barrier to such action since no action has been taken against the US government decision to bailout domestic automobile manufacturers. Germany gave one and half billion Euros to Opel, a General Motors corporation subsidiary. On the other hand, France tried to influence Renault by giving the company a loan of about eight billion Euros. Britain also ga ve a loan of three million dollars to domestic automobile manufacturers (Lincicome 9). All these moves by European countries were reactions to the subsidizing of general motors and Chrysler by American government. In turn, the companies that received the said favors, continued to take actions that would indirectly benefit the countries that offered loans and bailouts. Such actions may cause mistrust and therefore fragmentation of global automobile trade. The practice may also spread to other industries, and eventually cause a global depression. It can be argued that the actions of countries that have significant manufacturing industry are a response to the actions of the United States. On the other hand, such actions may be considered efforts by the governments to salvage one of their most important industries from collapse. However, all these subsidies given to the automobile manufacturing industry around the world are a violation of WTO rules in one way or another (Lincicome 14). On careful analysis of the procedures and circumstances, one may choose to consider the actions as a part of a commercial war among the countries that host competing manufacturing industries. Although grants were given to several automotive manufacturing industries around the world, it is important to consider the circumstances of the period within which relief was offered to the manufacturers. The year 2008 had an economic depression that threatened to bog down many industries apart from the automotive manufacturing sector. In the case of United States, it is reasonable to take into account for the size of the automobile industry and its role in the economy. The jobs that Chrysler Corporation and General Motors offered to the public were too many for the government to risk losing. Such a big loss of jobs would have serious political and financial implications for the country. Thus, logic dictates that any government in a similar position would have gone to such a length to rescue t he automotive manufacturing industry. It is also possible that if the United States had sought permission or exemption from WTO or other countries with significant automotive manufacturing sector, it would have taken too long for the bailout programs to be useful to the situation in the industry (Technological innovation and public policy: the automotive industry 45). Similarly, it would have taken too long for United States government to present an amendment proposal to the WTO for consideration to favor its remedy for the automotive industry. Thus, to many observers, the United States did what was in the best interest of the citizens. Furthermore, the United States has other subsidy program for automotive makers other than the plan to bail out Chrysler and General Motors (Chong 45). For example, the United States government has endeavored to provide financial assistance to companies that sell automotive parts to Chrysler and General motors’ in order to maintain smooth trade for the organizations. In turn, manufacturing process at General motors and Chrysler is smooth. Through this mechanism, losses are avoided. However, some of the organizations that benefit from this plan are foreign companies in which the United States government has little direct interest. One can then conclude that the United States bails out companies within the country, but also provides similar assistance to companies outside the country (Chong 53). In such a situation, there is no substantial reason to allege that the United States government had prejudice against some foreign manufacturers. However much the United States government was justified in implementing its contingency plan in the case of automobile manufacturers, there is need to follow trade rules to ensure that there is cooperation in international trade (Lincicome 15). It is important for the country, which is the leading economic power, to show faith in rules and regulations that it has previously championed. The Uruguay concessions were formulated under the patronage of the United States and other leading economic powers. Consequently, it becomes hypocritical for the champion of the said laws to be the first to breach them. Although one cannot conclude that the subsidization of automotive industry in Europe was a reaction to the American case, it could still be a possibility. Thus, whether the government of the United States had a credible reason to bailout its automotive manufacturing industry or not, the fact remains that the US government breached international trade laws. Brunetti, Paul. United States Economic Policy: US subsidies in the context of World Trade Organisation. United States Economic Policy 33.5 (2011): 7-24. Print. Chong, Michael D.. Study of the crisis in the automotive sector in Canada report of the Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology. Ottawa, Ont.: Canada Parliament House of Commons, 2009. Print. Lincicome, Scot. Countervailing Calamity How to Stop the Global Subsidies Race.Policy Analysis 11.7 (2012): 1-36. Print. Technological innovation and public policy: the automotive industry. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Print. United States Congress, United States Congress. Congressional Oversight Panel September oversight report: the use of TARP funds in the support and reorganization of the domestic automotive industry.. Washington: U.S. G.P.O. :, 2009. Print. Webel, Baird. Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP): Implementation and Status. Congressional Research Service36.5 (2012): 4-33. Print.

Global Challenges for Business, Management & Leadership Essay

Global Challenges for Business, Management & Leadership - Essay Example ................................................................ 7 2.3 Kraft Foods - Porter’s Five Forces ........................................................... 8 2.4 PESTEL Analyses .................................................................................... 9 2.5 Global Management Strategy .................................................................. 10 3.0 The Challenge - CSR ..................................................................................... 10 3.1 Impact of this Challenge on Kraft Foods ............................................... 11 4.0 Recommendation ........................................................................................... 11 5.0 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 11 Works Cited ........................................................................................................ 12 1.0 Introduction Within a realistic context, it is no t easy to define the term management. In the academic circles there exist as many definitions of management as there are the books on the subject. It goes without saying that there are many genuine reasons behind this dilemma. The first and foremost, management pertains to a very vast and expansive subject. It is indeed very extensive. It is, therefore, not possible to outline all the essential features of management in a single formula. Besides, management is a subject that has primarily to do with human beings, which in a behavioural context tend to be highly unpredictable. Moreover, management is a discipline that is still in the nascent stages of its development and, hence, the concepts associated with it are continuously changing. Yet, there is no denying the fact that the most of the definitions of management tend to emphasise one common idea that the discipline of management is concerned with the accomplishment of objectives through the efforts of people performing certain fu nctions. The primary function of the managers is to create conditions and environment that enable the organizations to survive, thrive and grow. In that context it will be really interesting to attempt a viable definition of management by taking into consideration varied theories of management. Boddy defines management as â€Å"Management is the activity of getting things done with the aid of people and other resources† (Boddy 695). The one attribute of management that pops up from Boddy’s definition of management is that management seeks to achieve certain goals. These goals may be economic or non-economic. For instance in a business organization the primary goal is to produce and distribute goods with the aim and objective of earning profits. On the contrary, in a service organization like hospitals, educational institutions, etc, the goal might be to extend customer service. Another salient feature of management embodied in Boddy’s definition is that manageme nt also happens to be a social process because it deals with people. To make the best use of human efforts, managers are required to give way to close cooperation and coordination amongst the employees in an organization. Managers are required to look after the interests of employees, shareholders, investors and the community at large. Also management happens to be a group activity. Management is concerned with getting things done through people. People join in groups in order to achieve results collectively. Management helps people in realising individual as

Safety before and Since OSHA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Safety before and Since OSHA - Research Paper Example Unfortunately, there is a minimal amount of information available in regards to workplace safety history, because in the late 1800’s industrial labor employers simply did not care about it. Often, the risks in the 19th century were from the use of animals, ladders and hand tools. In the industrial era, steam engines were used to replace these items (Aldrich, 2010). There is no definitive example of the industrial revolution’s dangers increasing, although it is suspect that the United States was more hazardous than other countries. This is due for the most part because of the circumstances of the country itself. Through the invention of new machinery and processes that saved time and money, these new technologies were borne from an intense need of the American people. Thus, the production techniques that were invented were both beneficial and hazardous. Anyone hurt while working or the family of a worker killed would likely sue the company for compensation for these inju ries or death. Actually winning the case was nearly impossible. The employer was often aptly able to prove that the individual understood and assumed the risks, was himself at fault for his own injury, or that another employee was at fault for the accident, because of the lack of proper documentation. Often, the court would rule in favor of the employer, leaving the employee and his family with the expenses and difficulties. This methodology proved to be invaluable to the employer, because accidents and fatalities were so cheap the industrial machinery and development required little reverence to the employees or their safety (Fishback and Kantor, 2000). Probably the most well known as a dangerous occupation is coal mining. In the late 1800’s, the mining of coal was lucrative. Often, these men were paid by the ton of coal they were able to produce, so often safety was less important than production. Without high production rates, the miner would not receive much pay. The same holds true in the building of the railroad systems. There were few workers, the distances that needed to be traveled were immense and the trains could haul more freight than conventional methods. These trains required men to stand between each of the cars so hook and unhook them as well as work the brake system. Given the lack of workers and the wages the few employed were paid, the railroads had to cut corners where they could, which was pay and labor. This led to poorly made railroads, few safety signals and many accidents occurring due to these conditions (Aldrich, 1997). For the majority, the response to the lack of safety was simply walking away from the job. Although there were many people interested in the safety and health of the workforce, they had no pull over any of the companies that employed workers in a hazardous job. It was not until the Safety Appliance Act of 1893 (United States code, 1893) that safety began to take the forefront in the American labor force. Althou gh it was small, it was a start, which subsequently allowed for the government’s establishment of new laws protecting laborers. In 1908, Congress passed a law that allowed an employee to file a claim of injury or fatality, which cost the employers 10 times what it did in the past. This increase in the costs to the company of a liability claim increased awareness and concerns for worker and workplace