The Scope of Woolf’s Feminism in A Room of One’s Own Essay -- Woolf A

The Scope of Woolf’s Feminism in A Room of One’s Own Missing Works Cited A highly contested statement on women and fiction, Virginia Woolf’s extended essay A Room of One’s Own has been repeatedly reviewed, critiqued, and analyzed since its publication in 1929. Arnold Bennett, an early twentieth-century novelist, and David Daiches, a literary critic who wrote an analysis entitled Virginia Woolf in 1942 (Murphy 247), were among those to attempt to extricate the themes and implications of Woolf’s complex essay. The two critics deal with the often-discussed feminist aspect of Woolf’s essay in interestingly different ways. Bennett states that Woolf’s essay is not a feminist work, rejects the idea that Woolf’s discussion of women and fiction may lean towards the political, and reduces the essay’s scope to a collection of musings on women and fiction. Daiches responds to A Room of One’s Own in the opposite way: he claims that Woolf’s work is feminist, and Woolf’s feminism emphasizes not only women and their relationship to fiction, but all people of genius who have not had an opportunity to use it because of their lack of money and privacy. While Bennett restricts the scope of the essay to a non- feminist, completely apolitical ideology and Daiches enlarges the scope to a wide, universal feminism, Woolf’s own intention in writing A Room of One’s Own may have actually been to create a work that lay somewhere in between these two extremes. In one of the earliest reviews of A Room of One’s Own, British novelist Arnold Bennett addressed the question of feminism in the essay and concluded that Woolf was not writing from a feminist perspective. â€Å"It is a book a little about men and a great deal about women. But it is no... ...ments do point out important limits on Woolf’s feminism. As Arnold Bennett says, Woolf’s concerns are not political; although our modern definition of feminism is wider than Bennett’s was, Woolf’s lack of political interest does certainly limit the scope of her feminism. David Daiches’s critique of the essay points out another important characteristic of Woolf’s feminist thought. Her feminism is not, as Daiches believes based in a â€Å"larger democratic feeling.† Woolf’s feminism is in actuality quite limited in tha t she only applies it to British, upper middleclass women writers. Virginia Woolf’s essay-which to Bennett seemed non- feminist and to Daiches seemed feminist- universalist-is, by our modern definition, feminist; however, the borders of culture, class, and profession that composed her frame of reference drastically limit the scope of Woolf’s feminism.

African American Identity Essay

It was a hot August day as sweat beat down on Thomas Jefferson Brown. He had been working in the field 2 hours before the hot sun had made its presence known. He looked back over the drying field, hoping that this crop would provide for his family better than last years crop had. Thomas watched his oldest son, Nathan, who worked down one row of the field while staring intently at the cotton plants as he picked the cotton. Nathan was a very inquisitive young man who had just yesterday asked his father what it was like being a slave for Mr. Walter Johnson. When his father had told him that in a lot of ways life was so much easier than now, Nathan had given him a look that allowed Thomas to know that his son could not understand. How could he understand? Nathan had not grown up a slave and seen that while it was extremely difficult, there was a feeling of stability to life then. Yes, Thomas Jefferson Brown had endured the beatings and yes he had watched as his Mother and eventually his sisters had been sexually assaulted, but how do you tell a young man such as Nathan that such was the way of life; it was to be expected, along with the comfort of knowing where your next meal was going to come from. Since Tomas had been freed after the great war, He s and his family had endured much more than that; having watched the lynching of two of his brothers and numerous friends. They were the lucky ones though, Thomas thought, while looking up at the fiery ball of heat known as the sun. They did not have to endure other hardships; their suffering was over. Yes it was hard for Nathan to know that life was indeed easier as a slave than a freed man, and maybe, just maybe, things would change during Nathan’s lifetime. Thomas Jefferson Brown wiped his brow once more and continued on picking the cotton? Even though the civil war ended in 1865, African Americans still faced an uphill battle to obtain rights that were afforded other Americans. This was in spite of the fact that 24 African American soldiers earned our Nations highest honor; the Congressional Medal of Honor, during the Civil War. Even with the passing of the 13th Amendment in 1865 banning slavery and the 14th Amendment giving African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the law, there were still so many other issues that would deprive African Americans of their lawful rights, such as having the first African American elected into the 41st Congress in 1869 continuing through 1901 with the 57th congress, which had no African Americans. This trend would continue until the election of 1929 before another African American was elected to congress. In 1873 the Supreme Court decision ruled that the 14th-Amendment guarantee of equal protection of the laws extended only to federal civil rights, thus removing southern states from the duty to protect the civil rights of African Americans, but it was just not their rights that were taken; but their lives as well. Between 1882 and the end of 1900, 1751 African Americans and 1105 white Americans were lynched for trying to further the African American cause (National). Given all of this discrimination and violence, it is hard to imagine that anyone would be willing to further the African American cause, but many stood ready to not only give of themselves, but perhaps even to give their life for this noble cause. African American writers were presented with these problems of equality and self esteem, and yet have truly transformed and continue to support a freed people, to obtain all of their rights. What follows is from three writers who each in his own way contributed mightily to the African American cause. They are W. E. B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, and Glen Loury. First, we have W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt) Dubois, who was born on February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Dubois was one of the most influential black leaders of the first half of the 20th Century. Dubois shared in the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, or NAACP, in 1909. He served as its director of research and editor of its magazine Crisis until 1934. He was the first African American to graduate from Harvard University, which he accomplished in 1896. At first, Dubois thought that African Americans could be freed through the Social Sciences, but quickly became disillusioned with this idea and began to believe that freedoms could only come about by agitation and protest(Chew). Dubois recognized that the African American’s of his day faced many problems, not the least of which were of the life threatening variety. After his disillusionment with helping African Americans through the social sciences, Dubois thought that African Americans needed to develop their own culture, which was definitely more American than African. Dubois enjoyed the unique African American culture, particularly that of the Negro spiritual songs. Dubois thought that African Americans should not give in to what white Americans expectations were of African Americans, but to continue to develop as a people. Dubois wrote that all people regardless of their culture, heritage, sex, should be treated as equals. Dubois also thought that African Americans should not worry about competing with the world as a group, but that they should join together to help each other. He eventually was forced to leave the United States because the government considered Dubois an agent of the Soviet Union. That is why he immigrated to Ghana, first obtaining Ghana citizenship, joined the communist party and eventually died there in 1963. Dubois was there for all future African Americans to follow his example. Dubois founding of the NAACP led to many victories for the rights of all Americans, most of which he never saw. Next we have Marcus Mosiah Garvey, who was born in Jamaica on 17 August 1887. Mr. Garvey is best remembered as a pivotal figure in the struggle for racial equality, not just in the United States but throughout the world as well. He founded the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) and African Communities League in 1914 while still in Jamaica, and also championed the ‘back to Africa’ movement of the 1920s. Of the Africans who departed, Garvey thought, some had left independently while others were brutally removed for economic gain and exploitation. Garvey perceived that the main problems facing not only African Americans, but Africans as well was that they must first go back to Africa and free their African brothers before moving on to other parts of the world. Through the organizations that Garvey had formed (UNIA and ACL), he reasoned that until Africa is free and redeemed, not only in name but in reality, no one would be free, Black or White. Garvey reasoned that no matter what one’s race was we are all bound together by the Creator, which is Spirit. The Creator has a purpose for everyone and that purpose did not include being made a slave or subject to anyone for that matter. While Dubois and Garvey did not see eye to eye on the issues involving African Americans, Garvey did align himself closely with Dr Robert Love, and Dr Loves teachings that a race could progress no further than the dignity and esteem of their women and younger girls. Garvey and Love thought that the best way to plant the seeds of dignity and self-esteem would be through the woman and younger girl. Last, we have Glen Loury, who was born in 1948. Mr. Loury is a professor of economics at Boston University while also being a consultant to the Federal Trade Commission. Mr. Loury has devoted a major portion of his career to the study of race and public policy. He is the author of ‘On the Need for Moral Leadership in the Black Community’, ‘Responsibility and Race’, ‘Impact of Affirmative Action on Equal Opportunity: A New Look’, and most recently ‘A New American Dilemma’. Mr. Loury saw many problems facing not only African American, but also all Americans, including the civil rights policies of 1960-1985, which seemed to have been based on equality of outcome rather than on equality of opportunity. Mr. Loury also thought that affirmative action policies created backlash. Loury maintained that all Americans should have equal rights with none being given favorable treatment over any other. Loury reasoned that it is hard to justify denying admission to an elite college to anyone who struggled to be able to pass the admissions exam; while admitting a member of a designated minority group, who did not work near as hard to earn his score and is only admitted based on his minority status. Such actions build resentment towards these policies and are only heightened when defenders of the policies claim that to question these policies is to engage in a racist act. Mr. Loury contends that giving preferential treatment with no sound explanation only led to more heightened tensions and is a very grievous error on the part of those who merely wish to be advocates of affirmative action. Loury did see, that there was a proper use of affirmative action, such as on police forces around the country that had a significant percentage of African American citizens and yet none on the police force. These Authors present their own conclusions and reasoning’s for what happened to the African Americans previous to, and of their own time. These writers used the influences of other African Americans and were also pioneers themselves. All of these writers believed in equality for everyone and thus did share at least one common goal. In Mr. Dubois we have a writer and scholar who originally thought that through a study of Social Sciences and doing what was right could African Americans receive their rights, and yet Dubois was able to refocus and remain firm in his opinions of helping each other and thus able to help not only the African American’s of his generation, but the ones to follow as well. Mr. Dubois saw all of the problems besetting African Americans and knew that they must unite, working together, to build a culture of their own, that would allow all African Americans to have a better life. Mr. Garvey on the other hand, perceived that until the rights and freedoms were restored in the entire African continent, Africans elsewhere would always be treated as second-class citizens. Garvey along with Dr Robert Love, thought that it was through the African women, especially the younger women, that Africans had a chance to make a difference in providing a better future. Mr. Loury saw problems that came about because of the Civil Rights movement, and that African Americans should not merely rely on being a minority to get ahead in life, but instead grab the opportunity that was before them so as not to create a political backlash. Each of these writers have stood their ground for what they believe in, and our world we live in today is better for it. Each of these writers, in their own time, helped frame not just African Americans lives but has truly transformed and continues to support a freed people, obtain all, of their rights. Works Cited Chew, Robin â€Å"W. E. B. Dubois Sociologist, Author & Civil Rights Leader 1868 ? 1963†³ February 26, 2005. 6 Feb 2006 Dr Coony, Mark â€Å"Race and Affirmative Action† 6 Feb 2006 Du Bois, W. E. B. â€Å"Of our Spiritual Strivings. † Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 131-145 Garvey, Marcus â€Å"Motive of the NAACP Exposed† Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 153-154 Loury, Glenn. â€Å"Free at Last? A Personal Perspective on Race ad Identity in America. † Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 173-180 â€Å"Marcus Garvey Biography† November 2000, K. W. Spence-Lewis Consultant Researcher Community Health and Planning Plant Science. â€Å"The Making of African American Identity VOL II 1863-1917† National Humanities Center 6 Feb 06 Bibliography Chew, Robin â€Å"W. E. B. Dubois Sociologist, Author & Civil Rights Leader 1868 ? 1963† February 26, 2005. 6 Feb 2006 Dr Coony, Mark â€Å"Race and Affirmative Action† 6 Feb 2006 Du Bois, W. E. B. â€Å"Of our Spiritual Strivings. † Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 131-145 Garvey, Marcus â€Å"Motive of the NAACP Exposed† Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 153-154 Loury, Glenn. â€Å"Free at Last? A Personal Perspective on Race ad Identity in America. † Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 173-180 â€Å"Marcus Garvey Biography† November 2000, K. W. Spence-Lewis Consultant Researcher Community Health and Planning Plant Science. â€Å"The Making of African American Identity VOL II 1863-1917† National Humanities Center 6 Feb 06.

Deterioration of Relationships in Frankenstein by Mary...

The unwavering desire for knowledge may cause the decay of relationships. This idea is displayed as Victor Frankenstein, the protagonist, continually desires to create human life from inanimate materials, which leads to the destruction of many of his relationships. Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, exhibits how the constant desire for information may cause the deterioration of relationships through the decayed relationships Victor has with himself, his family, and society. The constant desire for knowledge may cause the obliteration of the relationship one has with themselves. Victor becomes obsessed with creating life, and this causes his overall health to decay. Victor has just created the malicious monster and his initial reaction is: â€Å"I†¦show more content†¦He seems to be forgetting who they are: â€Å"the same feelings caused me to forget [my family] whom I had not seen for so long a time† (Shelley 49). Victor lets his task of recreating life, take over his ow n life. He does not even stop to acknowledge, or respond to the letters sent to him by his family, and the last time he sees his family is six years ago. This causes the decline of his relationship with his family, as they rarely talk to, or see Victor. Finally, Victor understands that his constant desire for knowledge needs to end, so to alleviate some stress caused by the invidious monster, he decides to visit his family: â€Å"I passed through scenes familiar to my youth, but which I had not seen for nearly six years!† (Shelley 71). Victor just assumes that when he visits his family again, everything will be the same as it was when he left 6 years ago. But, it is quite the opposite. This leads to Victor realizing the extent of his decayed relationship with his family. Many things have changed, such as his new younger brother being born, and his mother’s death. His family welcomes him, but since he has been gone for so long, they do not appreciate his visit as much. The decline of one’s relationship with society may be caused by the continual want for information. Victor allows his intellectual passion, to create life, consume his entire life. This leaves him secluded from society: â€Å"My cheekShow MoreRelatedMary Shelley s Frankenstein And The Modern Prometheus912 Words   |  4 Pagesrefer to Mary Shelley s masterpiece Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus as a starting point to drive the question: what it means to be human. Mary Shelley s Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus suggests the possibility of reconstructing a broader approach towards scientific discovery by portraying the dangers of blindly pursuing scientific knowledge done so by the modern Prometheus that is Victor Frankenstein. Thomas Vargish in Technology and Impotence in Mary Shelley s Frankenstein statesRead MoreViews and Values in Frankenstein Essay example977 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein, Shelley expresses her views of the time through Walton. 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In other ways the creator of the creature, Victor Frankenstein, also identifies with the tale of the first human, but with a differentRead MoreThe Harbinger Of A Category Crisis1157 Words   |  5 PagesVictor Frankenstein: The Harbinger of a Category Crisis Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus partially follows the narrative of Victor Frankenstein in his journey of mental and moral deterioration. Victor’s attempt to unnaturally create life through unorthodox methods is his metaphorical attempt to play with fire; he explores a realm beyond human capability by using a power only known to God. This novel leaves readers with a dilemma that makes them question who in fact is really theRead MoreParadaise Lost by John Milton and The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighierie1821 Words   |  8 Pagesthese two great poets for centuries. 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Mary Shelley was born Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin to Mary Wollstonecraft

Vincent Van Gogh - 1003 Words

Vincent van Gogh began painting in 1879, and continued until his death in 1890. He died a premature death due to the decay of his mental stability, which led to a botched suicide attempt, causing his death two days later. He painted in the period of post-impressionism, during which he made 750 paintings, 1,600 drawings, nine lithographs, and one etching. Some of his most famous and most influential works include Starry Night, The Potato Eaters, and All-Night Cafà ©. Vincent Willem van Gogh was born on March thirtieth of 1853 in the southern Netherlands. His father was a Protestant minister, a point that will show importance in his life later on. At the ripe age of sixteen, Vincent started an apprenticeship at an art dealership, Goupil †¦show more content†¦Its naturalistic and down-to-earth treatment of its subject matter, most commonly landscapes, has its roots in the French Realism of Camille Corot and others. Post-Impressionism is a period of art that was influenced by I mpressionism, but the artists took their art in other directions. Van Goghs early period includes all his work from 1879-1885. In this period he painted The Potato Eaters, which is commonly referred to as his first important picture. This is a period where van Gogh is trying to convey peasant life to the viewer, and he makes use of a very dark palette. He then studies at the academy in Antwerp where he is forced to draw from plaster casts and to adopt academic principles which will affect his later works. Next came the Paris period. There Vincent learned from virtually every major artist there. During this period he creates numerous self-portraits, still lifes, and cityscapes. Also during this period, his style shifted from the darker manner characteristic to a post-impressionist style heavily influenced by divisionism. Divisionism is where color is separated into dots or patches applied directly to the canvas. Then in February of 1888 began the Alres period. This is the period of h is mature works and many of his most famous paintings. During this period he begins to suffer from attacks of dementia. Afterwards he is hospitalized. During this period he painted Starry Night. Throughout his entire life, even at hisShow MoreRelatedVincent Van Gogh Sensitivity1558 Words   |  7 PagesVincent Van Gogh is now one of the most famous and influential artists of all time; however, he spent hard times as a poor and obscure artist during his lifetime. The fact that Vincent Van Gogh sold only one painting during his brief life supports the fact that he struggled in obscurity and with his identity for a long time. Most of all, there is a significant fact that Vincent Van Gogh was prone to reflecting his sensitivity in his works, and to painting places that had personal meaning. His landmarkRead More Vincent Van Gogh Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pages Biography of Vincent Van Gogh What drove Vincent Van Gogh, born March 30,1853, to his mental illness and suicide? Could it have been the many things he tried, but failed at in his life? He failed in many different careers, in love, and even his artwork. Van Gogh sold only one painting his entire life. Because of his mental illness, he was considered a crazy person. At the age of sixteen, Van Gogh went to go work with his Uncle Vincent, whom he was named after, as an art dealer at the Goupil andRead MoreThe Works Of Vincent Van Gogh1460 Words   |  6 Pagesthe people are right; that your work is useless. This is the constant state of mind that Vincent Van Gogh lived in with his work being heavily criticized and never praised. Background and Audience Relevance: Van Gogh is one of the most well known artists today. His vivid landscapes and portraits are praised for their use of different colors and bold brush strokes. 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This is far from the actual truth of his chaotic life which was filled with failure in every occupational pursuit he attempted including painting, and was marked by episodes of depression, violence, and abnormal behavior. Thanks to the preservation of thousands of letters Van Gogh had written to friends and family, especially to his brother Theo, we have a nearly complete understanding of his feelings, experiments, andRead More Vincent Van Gogh Essay1492 Words   |  6 Pagesyears time.quot; - VINCENT VAN GOGH, 1890 What could be a more disturbing image than the one of Vincent Van Gogh as the wanderer? Of his time spent in poverty and isolation he sought to help those around him, and perhaps to find himself in the process. Picture Vincent as he gives his first Sunday sermon in Isleworth, outside of London. He was so passionate about his beliefs, but never really connected with the religious world. His sermon must have really been something. Van gogh traveled to BrusselsRead More Vincent Van Gogh Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesVincent Van Gogh The people back in the 19th century really didn’t accept Van Gaogh’s truthful and emotionally morbid way of expressing the way of art is to himself. It finally was seen as art through the people’s eyes. This set a stage of art that is now known as Expressionism. It is best characterized by the use of symbols and a style that expresses the artist’s inner feelings about his subject. His style of painting is exemplified by a projection of the painter’s inner experience onto theRead MoreVincent Van Gogh Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesVincent Van Gogh was one of the world s greatest artists. Though not widely known in his lifetime, he is now considered to be the greatest Dutch artist aside from Rembrandt. He was born Vincent William van Gogh in Groot-Zundert, a small town in Brabant Netherlands, on March 30, 1853. 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Van Gogh was born in the Netherlands, a Protestant pastor rural family, the early years of his staff and the firm has done a broker, also worked as a missionary mine. He is full of fantasy, love extremes, repeated setbacks and failures in life; he devoted himself to painting the final determination in the painting with his struggling. His early realist style, influenced by the Dutch and French realist tradition

The History Of European Dictators From The 1900s Essay

Kaya Lindsay Middleton European History 12-01 March 2, 2015 The History of European Dictators from the 1900s In 1946, American President, Harry S. Truman once said: â€Å"Dictatorship, by whatever name, is founded on the doctrine that the individual amounts to nothing; that the State is the only one that counts; and that men and women and children were put on earth solely for the purpose of serving the state.† A dictatorship is a form of government in which a dictator, a single person or ruler who exercises absolute power and unrestricted control, monopolizes all aspects of political authority. Dictatorships typically terminate rather quickly compared to most other forms of government. This is due to the fact that dictatorships thrive on oppression, violence, aggression, and usually, mass genocide. Citizens under a dictatorship have their rights completely restricted and their freedom of speech undeniably taken away, because under a dictatorship, the individual citizen is forced to sacrifice all that he or she has for the sake of the state. Dictatorships demand complete obedience and will tolerate zero opposition because without it, a dictatorship will crumble. Dictatorships have been dated back to the Roman Empire, but they have been most prominent during the 19th and 20th centuries. In Europe, dictators such as Lenin, Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin are prominent political figures during the 20th century. Each of these leaders manipulated their power and exercised extremeShow MoreRelatedMexicos Changing Society820 Words   |  4 PagesEvery country in history that has seen some type of revolution or modernization within itself has seen its people split by altering beliefs. 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Hortatory and Analytical free essay sample

Why homeschooling is bad Homeschooling is the concept of educating children at home typically by parents or by tutors, rather than sending them to public or private school. Nowadays, homeschooling is being popular in many countries although this concept is not new. Earlier, most children were educated at home because not everyone could send their children to schools. Homeschooling has negative impact on students for several reasons. First, there is no social interaction. Children may not belong to friends’ circle. Children who are home-schooled may feel lonely, friendless and isolated, especially if they dont have siblings. They are also isolated from the experience that’s given by conventional education (public school). Second, public schools expose children to the real world. In homeschooling, children get limited social, emotional and psychology development. Children are removing from the common experience of society and missing the valuable socialization atmosphere that public schools provide. Finally, homeschooling doesn’t give the student a chance to compete with each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Hortatory and Analytical or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is also no competitive spirit that is developed in conventional school. This may effect for future careers of children. From the reason above we know now if we are planning to educate our children at home we must think again because there are some negative effects for our child as students. Hortatory exposition text Running for being healthy Physical activity, including running is important for health of your body. Running is one of the most popular exercise because running is easy to learn and inexpensive. These are the number of positive benefits to your body. Running can lower your risk for developing type 2 diabetes. It can lower blood sugar levels to improve insulin sensitivity. The American Diabetes Association recommends to run 150 minutes per week. Running will improve the condition of your heart while lowering your blood pressure. The muscles all over the body get strengthened and some find it far easier to get sixpack under the fat layers on our stomach. Then running can lose weight because running can burn 100 calories per mile. Positive psychology effects of running are the reduction in stress, the boosts of self-confidence, the increased overall the happiness and the improved mental alertness. For those reason you should try to start running now. Running has many positive impacts that can make your body health. Not only physical but also psychology benefit to your body.

Empirical Research Methods for Business

Question: Write a report on "Empirical Research Methods for Business". Answer: Introduction Health Care Expenditure in the OECD countries have been rising on an increasing rate such that the maximum pressure has been imposed on the public budgets of these countries which is not only increasing the spending on the social programs which is estimated to a increase by 1% in 2015, according to the 2015 outlook ("Health Expenditure And Financing" 2016). The main issue lies in the health expenditure that is started following a reverse trend in comparison to the economic growth such that economic growth levels in health expenditure have grown due to the reforms in the sector that has led to health funding as being a demoralizing task for the government. However, according to Baumols theory health sector is representative of low productivity growth. However, according to the present conditioning, the government has to formulate policies so that corrective measures could be taken with proper time and in efficient manner. According to the preliminary analysis, it has been stated that the concern of low and middle countries can easily be manifested by the changes that has been based on the analysis of the technologies, demographic factors as well as income level of the respondents followed by institutional characteristics ("OECD Reviews Of Health Care Quality - OECD Ilibrary" 2016). However, the research needs to be based on the research aims that can be manifested in analysing the drivers factor that are essential to study health expenditure in the OECD countries. On the other hand, GDP will be even considered as one of the drivers of health expenditure as well. Data In this study, all the OECD countries are considered. However, all the data is taken from major 34 countries from the year 2009 to 2014. Current and public health expenditure is taken from OECD Health Stats. The data taken was complemented with data on demographics and mortality. However, according to the research question stated above, two hypotheses were generated (Xu and Saksena 2011). Hypothesis 1 Ho: There is no significant impact of variables like current health expenditure, public expenditure and out of pocket on GDP. H1: There is significant impact of variables like current health expenditure, public expenditure and out of pocket on GDP. Hypothesis 2 Ho: There is no significant impact of variables like out of pocket, mortality rate and demographic characteristics on current health expenditure. H1: There is significant impact of variables like public expenditure, mortality rate and demographic characteristics on current health expenditure. All the expenditure variables are taken US $ except GDP which is turned into log to give the instantaneous change made in the US dollars. However adding to the study, summary statistics were also presented Methods The various concepts have been adopted for the research that it is helped in conduct of the study to give a critical explanation provided with the secondary data taken from OECD Health Statistics. Research Paradigm The research paradigm selected for the study is to alleviate the theoretical process and procedures. Although, the study is based on certain assumptions like GDP is impacted by health expenditure and public expenditure which deals with the knowledge and result in following epistemology paradigm for the enquiry of results (Shajahan 2015). Research Philosophy The research process validates a post-positivism approach as its is based on facts and figures such as interrelationship is established between different variables (Cohen, Louis, Manion and Morrison 2011). However, the background of health expenditure is calculated by the help of calculations. Research Approach The research approach taken into consideration is deductive in nature as it is based on the hypothesis testing as certain propositions have been made between different variables and relevant methods like multivariate regression analysis is taken for accepting or rejecting the theory so that appropriate modifications can be devised. The relationship criterion helps in analysing the clarity and reliability of the data (Harlow 2014). Research Design The research design is correlational in nature as different drivers are tested on the health expenditure that does not elaborates on the interconnection between variables but also helps in physical conduct of the data through the meta-analysis procedure. Data Collection Methods The interpretation as well as gathering of information is tested by building a research framework on the variables. The secondary data collection method was adopted such that the data for different variables were taken from OECD Health Statistics and the data is quantitative in nature. However, the data collected from secondary sources is helpful in creating an ideal scenario on the health expenditure condition of the OECD countries. The quantitative method is adopted because it gives an experimental as well as descriptive method through variables structured on the sample size (Gorard 2013). Sampling Method and Sampling Size The random method adopted is cluster random sampling as the average data of all the 34 countries listed in OECD is taken into consideration to avoid errors on the degree of attainment. When analysed, the sample size is undertaken is 6 that is from the year 2009 to 2014 to analyse the impact of variables on GDP and health expenditure. Data Analysis Data analysis is the process of analysing the information based on the decision making exercise that has been carried out to study the figures with statistical as well as structural technique. Although, the data is structured in nature but it is closely linked with quantitative data analysis using SPSS statistical tool for data processing and matching files (Brymen and Bell 2015). Results The results and discussion can be based on the analysis of all the variables considered. The data results can be divided into two divisions, one in the summary statistics gained on mean, standard deviation and quartile on each variable. Section 1 - Summary Statistics According to the summary statistics calculated for each variable as it is based on the original data taken without the log values. The explanation of each variable can be described below. Mortality Rate The average of mortality rate that have achieved from 2009 to 2014 years is 79.18 with the deviation from mean achieved is 2 years such that the inter quartile range is one year and 8 months across the years amongst the different OECD countries (Refer Appendix). According to the normal, curve, the data is more skewed to the age of 79-80 years as given by life expectancy of 79-80 years which has not changes much since 2005 (Refer Appendix)..General Demographics General Demographics includes the income level achieved of the countries across years. According to the calculation of the data, the change has seen to be efficient as there is vast gap in the inter quartile range that is 7.14 (000) US Dollars and the mean received has been 367.03 which has shown to increase in the last year of the analysis that is 2013-2014 (Refer Appendix). Out of Pocket Payments Out of pocket payments is the general consultation fees, medication and other hospital bills that have recently showed to be increasing with each passing year such that the change manifested has shown positive skewness with rising changes in the values as it poses a standard deviation 97.16 (000) US Dollars (Refer Appendix).. Current Health expenditures According to the summary statistics, the health expenditure includes both the spending made by the public as well as private external funds through the channels to national health system. However, the data shows a deviation of 417.21 (000) US Dollars that is increased to a twofold as depicted on normally distributed histogram as well (Refer Appendix). Public Expenditure Public expenditure elaborates the government spending of the country on OECD countries across years that has averaged to 2462.98 (000) US Dollars with a change of 221.952 (000) US Dollars (Refer Appendix).. GDP According to GDP results, GDP has been growing in each country and across each year but its log form has not shown any drastic change as compared to last years GDP ("Gross Domestic Product (GDP)" 2016). Section 2 Regression Analysis The regression analysis is based on two hypotheses as mentioned. a) Impact on GDP The impact of GDP as seen from the regression results has been significant. However, in this case long form of GDP was considered. That makes it a log-linear form of equation. The regression equation comes out to be as LnGDP = 16.4 +0.003Current_health_expenditure 0.003public_expenditure 0.002out of pocket. However, this states that with the change in current health expenditure, the positive changes of 0.3% will be made in GDP followed by negative change of 0.3% on public expenditure and 0.2% on out of pocket expenses made by the individuals. However, adjusted R square with 85.6% makes the model a good fit (Refer Appendix).. Moreover, as depicted on F statistics, the changes have been significant on the 95% level which depicts that analysis dealt with accurate results across the years. On the whole, with residual value of 0.001 on ANOVA table that mostly the values taken are estimated and none of them is affected by the errors made in the data (Riff, Lacy and Fico 2014). However, we reject the null hypothesis and state that there is significant impact of variables like current health expenditure, public expenditure and out of pocket on GDP. b) Impact on Current Health Expenditure LnCurrent_Health_Expenditure = 7.81 -0.009General_demographics + 0.3morality_rate + 0.002out of pocket. However, this states that with the change in general demographics, the negative changes of 0.9% will be made in GDP followed by positive change of 3% on morality rate and 0.2% on out of pocket expenses made by the individuals. However, adjusted R square with 98.6% makes the model a good fit (Refer Appendix). Moreover, as depicted on F statistics, the changes have been significant on the 95% level with value 120.461 which depicts that analysis dealt with accurate results across the years. On the whole, with residual value of 0.00 on ANOVA has only been estimated and none of them is affected by the errors made in the data. However, we reject the null hypothesis and state that there is significant impact of variables like public expenditure, mortality rate and demographic characteristics on current health expenditure. Discussion Research Limitations The basic research limitations taken across in the model is a period of 6 years depicting only the changes made after the global financial crisis to analyse the gearing up of GDP and public expenditure in the OECD countries. The research limitations are the taken countries according to the OECD Statistics is only 34 countries followed by only 6 years of analysis. Secondly, the variables included in the study were only important variables and rest other variables were missing. The third reasoning can be stated that the GDP is country specific but healthy expenditure is not necessarily predicted on GDP (Xu and Saksena 2011). Comparison with Previous research According to the previous research done, it can be explained that the study is based on cross section studies and no such evidence has been provided but health has not been considered as an luxury good as opined by Friedman (Xu and Saksena 2011). However, the cross elasticity in earlier researches were based on the time series and panel; data models through the distinction in the transitory and permanent income. Only demographic factor have been considered at micro as well as micro level. Demographic factors were considered using inconclusive results being ageing and health expenditure, but here mortality rate has been taken (Astolfi, Lorenzoni, and Oderkirk 2012). Conclusion To conclude, it can be elaborated major impact has been experienced by GDP resulting in marginal change in the GDP of 34 countries across 6 years. Moreover, globally health expenditure has been growing with the excessive spending on health activities and less of investments achieved in comparison to fixed budget that is followed in each country. Lastly, irrespective of key driver, most of the factors should be considered to give more generalized results. References "Gross Domestic Product (GDP)". 2016.OECD Statistics. "OECD Health Statistics". 2016. doi:10.1787/health-data-en. "OECD Health Statistics". 2016. doi:10.1787/health-data-en. "OECD Reviews Of Health Care Quality - OECD Ilibrary". 2016.Oecd-Ilibrary.Org. Astolfi, Roberto, Luca Lorenzoni, and Jillian Oderkirk. "Informing policy makers about future health spending: a comparative analysis of forecasting methods in OECD countries."Health Policy107, no. 1 (2012): 1-10. Bryman, Alan, and Emma Bell.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA, 2015. Cohen, Louis, Lawrence Manion, and Keith Morrison.Research methods in education. Routledge, 2013. Gorard, Stephen.Research design: Creating robust approaches for the social sciences. Sage, 2013. Harlow, Lisa L.The essence of multivariate thinking: Basic themes and methods. Routledge, 2014. Riff, Daniel, Stephen Lacy, and Frederick Fico.Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis in research. Routledge, 2014. Shajahan, S.Introduction to Business Research Methods. Jaico Publishing House, 2014.